Explain the matching principle as it relates to pre-paid expenses, Essay

Explain the matching principle as it relates to pre-paid expenses, unearned revenue, and operating assets - Essay Example They provide benefit for a long period of time so it will be necessary to apportion those expenses between more than one periods. For example prepaid insurance is paid for a longer period than one year so, only the expired portion of the prepaid insurance is charged in the income statement. Matching principle states that the prepaid expenses should be apportioned in the period to which they belong or in other words expenses should be recognized not when they are paid but when they are used to generate revenue (Stahl, 2004). The remaining balance of the prepaid expenses should appear in the balance sheet until they are recognized in the income statements. Unearned revenues are the revenue of the prepaid expenses. Every entity which prepays an expense before the benefit is actually realized, another entity receives the revenue for which the services have not been rendered these are called unearned revenues or deferred revenue (Jay S. RiJefferson P Jones, 2011). For example the courier services receive the payment in advance and they record it as deferred revenue until the delivery of the courier. The matching principle regarding the unearned income states that the only those revenues should be recognized for which the entity has incurred expenses and the rest should be shown as a liability because the company is not yet untitled to recognize them. Operating assets are expected to benefit the organization in more than one accounting period that is why they are classified under long term/fixed assets in the balance sheet. The most common examples of the operating assets are building, tools, furniture and equipments etc. Matching principle states that the benefit obtained from the operating assets should be realized on some logical basis over the asset’s useful life. The application of the matching principle on operating assets is little more complex than the prepaid assets and unearned revenue because the

The Impact of Web 3.0 on Marketing Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Web 3.0 on Marketing Essay The future of the Internet is in Web 3.0, known as the Semantic Web. Feigenbaum, Herman, Hongsermeier, Neumann and Stephens (2007) summarised the concept as â€Å"a highly interconnected network of data that could be easily accessed and understood by any desktop or handheld machine†. The authors, referring to a 2001 article by Berners-Lee, Hendler and Lassila about their vision on Web 3.0, also said Berners-Lee et al: painted a future of intelligent software agents that would head out on the World Wide Web and automatically book flights and hotels for our trips, update our medical records and give us a single, customized answer to a particular question without our having to search for information or pore through results. This means online sites and databases already contain information about individuals’ culture, travel, health and education. In Web 3.0, individuals’ habits and preferences are known. The technology of Web 3.0 is ‘smart’ in using the data to drill down key choices to individuals, thereby saving Web 3.0 users time and effort in searching for information and in making decisions. Web 3.0 is however not a product separate from its previous ‘incarnations’. Instead, it is an extension or an enhancement of the current Web. The World Wide Web Consortium has already released Semantic Web technologies and languages for the different sites and databases to ‘talk’ and generate results in a unified manner for Web users. In contrast, Web 1.0 was just about linking Web pages with hyperlinks. Web 2.0 is where we are now—the consumer and producer of information are increasingly the same person, sharing views and new ideas with fellow netizens (sometimes anonymously). Web 3.0 is the â€Å"convergence of new technologies and rapidly changing consumer buying trends†, having overcome some of Web 2.0’s limiting factors such as presenting the audience with too much information, which Tasner (2010) argues, distracts us. Advertising has accordingly evolved from placements in newspapers, magazines, radio, signs and from the 1930s, on television. When the Internet came to wide use in industrialised societies in the mid-1990s, marketers advertised online through banners or interstitials (among others) and refined their search engine optimisation so the brands’ Web links appear at the top of search results. Functions of Web 3.0 Although Web 3.0 is not widely utilized, the technology is already in use (Ohler, 2010). Smith (2009) speaks of Web 3.0 as sophisticated, intelligent software that can learn, understand and make decisions. For example, Web 3.0 can trace online materials, analyze the popularity of content and draw conclusions. It will filter and refine the users’ online searches. This idea is also echoed by Reh (2011), who says Web 3.0 will be able to extract feedback on products, services or organizations that have been posted on blogs and online forums, for example. Organizations can then develop Web pages specifically aligned with their customers’ needs (Reh, 2011). This saves time and cost for the organization. The norm is that an organization would track online traffic by the number or pattern of clicks on its website and get feedback from surveys in order to predict what its customers want. Web 3.0 will empower marketers by allowing them to target products and create specific marketing messages for particular customers more intuitively. Advertising might turn out to be less effective and marketers will need to rely on their merits and not on what they claim (Smith, 2009). In an article by Baumann (2009), Nova Spivack, founder and CEO of Radar Networks views Web 3.0 as an upgrade of Web infrastructure. He says the focus will be on the back-end of the Web, where final processing of the data occurs. An upgrade of the databases and data stores will increase efficiency and make searches faster. Time-consuming tasks such as searching and compiling currently done by netizens will eventually be taken over by computers in the future. Web 3.0 applications will have the capacity to run on any device, be it a computer or the mobile phone. These applications will be speedy and customizable (Cho, 2008). Theoretical framework For the purpose of this research paper, we will be adopting the Co-creation method as the theoretical framework. According to Prahalad and Ramaswamy (2004), it is the process whereby consumers take an active role and co-create value together with the company. With the impending rise of Web 3.0, the framework has provided companies with unique and inventive opportunities to capitalise on consumers’ innovative potential. This has resulted in various approaches to collaborate with consumers during the entire value chain. Most often co-creation occurs during the innovation process, referring to joint product development activities such as generating and evaluating new product ideas; elaborating, evaluating, or challenging product concepts; and creating virtual prototypes (Fueller, Matzler, Stieger, Kohler, 2011). Cost-efficient and multimedia-rich interaction opportunities offered by the Internet and the existence of online communities have made virtual co-creation a suitable means of creating value and improving the overall success of new products. Information technology enables new forms of producer-consumer collaboration in new product development processes (Fuller, Muhlbacher, Matzler, Jawecki, 2009). With Web 3.0, social interaction drives business operations (Laurent, 2010). We infer that marketers will take advantage of this because a Web 3.0 browser would have learned a customer’s likes and dislikes. The more interaction a user has with the Internet, the more the browser would learn about him/her to predict future behaviours and consumption patterns, putting the user in touch with people who share his/her interests and aspirations (Kumar, 2009). Consumer co-creation, in which consumers participate creatively in the production of content and innovation of services, has arisen because of consumers’ greater access to the â€Å"means of production† through information and communication technologies (Lundvall and Johnson, 1994). It aligns to the shift from producer-centric to consumer-centric innovation. Consumers are not just engaging in production, but also in dynamic production, or innovation (Potts, 2008). This is facilitated by the same forces that are increasingly delivering productive capabilities into the hands of consumers, and is occurring with ever higher quality, at ever lower costs, and on an ever increasing global market into which particular consumer specializations can find a â€Å"producer† niche (Potts, 2008). According to Fuller (2004), consumers are considered a valuable source of innovation. Researchers as well as consultants claim to virtually engage consumers in co-creation activities s uch as generating, designing, refining and testing ideas and new product concepts. They do this in order to develop new products and services that better meet consumers’ wants and needs and to decrease the high failure rates of new product introductions, especially prevalent in the consumer goods sectors. The novelty of virtual co-creation compared to conventional customer integration is that consumers are not only asked about their opinions, desires, and needs, but also are asked to contribute their creativity and problem-solving skills. Consumers therefore take on the role of co-creators (Fuller, 2010). In this paper, we will apply the co-creation framework to address the following research questions: †¢ How will marketers now skew their marketing strategy to maximise on Web 3.0? †¢ Will online marketing efforts move towards targeting social networking sites only? †¢ Will online marketing efforts now be shaped by customers? †¢ What is the impact of privacy issues on marketing efforts? We infer that as the opportunity arises to innovate, along with further development of social networking characteristics of Web 3.0, online marketers will have to look to consumers’ insights when it comes to shaping their online business models. As set out above, it is an inc entive for consumers to have a say in how they experience their shopping online. Marketing strategies on Web 3.0 With Web 3.0, social interaction drives business operations (Laurent, 2010). We infer that marketers will take advantage of this because a Web 3.0 browser would have learned a customer’s likes and dislikes. The more interaction a user has with the Internet, the more the browser would learn about him/her to predict future behaviors and consumption patterns, putting the user in touch with people who share his/her interests and aspirations (Kumar, 2009). Mobile technology, too, will advance with Web 3.0 where advertising will explode, as Web-based advertising allows for rich, engaging ads (Kurtyka, 2007). Zoetrope is one of the early users of Web 3.0 technology. Using the Zoetrope interface, a user could compare historical changes of various data through time by comparing snapshots of different pages on the Web. Analyzing different and changing elements on Web pages over a period of time is downright difficult today, if not impossible. But Zoetrope makes it happen. The headlines of, say, today’s Straits Times homepage will be gone tomorrow, and yesterday’s price for a pair of jeans on ASOS is likely irretrievable today. This means that marketers can now see the key words trend or correlate the relationship between products, consumer needs and brand names over a period of time. By using this technology, they can now provide better information to searchers overall. By using snapshots of their competitors’ link profiles over time, marketers will able to find out whether their competitors are out-linking them. U.S. retailer Best Buy is using a Semantic Web markup language called RDFa to increase the visibility of its products and services online. With data such as store name, address, store hours and geographical data being marked up using RDFa, search engines can identify each data component more easily and put them into context. The use of semantic technology led to increased traffic and better service to its customers (MacManus, 2010). Meanwhile, marketers will face the challenge of having to be more creative in their strategies (Cobe, 2007). They would need to constantly update themselves abo ut their customers’ preferences and develop their software for user interface feasibility, functions and so on, to keep up with customer’s spending needs (Smith, 2009). Research using Web 3.0 may take the shape of working with consumers to build a co-managed interactive feedback/preemptive mechanism. The essential 4P’s of marketing — product, price, placement and promotion — will be affected by linked data. Linked data come about when information is marked up in standardized, highly structured formats such as Resource Description Framework (RDF), allowing computers to better understand the meaning of content, rather than simply matching on strings of text (Byrne and Goddard, 2010). So the real power of the Semantic Web, as Byrne and Goddard note, lies in the ability of â€Å"intelligent† search engines to disambiguate terms (Apple the computer vs. apple the fruit, for example), to understand the relationships between different entities, and to bring that information together in new ways to answer queries. How then will marketers skew their marketing strategy to maximise Web 3.0? Marketers love data and they will use these â€Å"free† data to do market research, Web analytics and customer relationship management records. As marketers, they will b e able to use this data to advance market research and product development. With the Semantic Web, they can easily make correlations and connections between the audience and the brand far more deeply than before. This in turn will empower marketers to be more targeted in messaging, more efficient in reaching their customers and more relatable as brands. Besides providing more meaningful information for consumers, marketers will gain from enhancing search engine optimization as well. With the consumers’ online search patterns on hand, marketers can add search-engine-friendly structured data to their websites, resulting a more relevant search, hence generating a better listing, more clicks and more traffic. At the same time, word-of-mouth sharing, syndication of Web content to other online sites, feedback and social groups will have a role in spreading memes. The newest innovation by Facebook, called Open Graph, is a good example. Facebook users will be able to instantly share activities with their friends through applications without being required to grant the apps permission each time. As a result, Facebook users will be sharing more data with friends, Facebook, and marketing companie s than ever before. The goal is to send everything a user does, everywhere on the Web, to Facebook. Guess (2011) notes that Open Graph allows the Web to evolve into the Semantic Web, where experiences are personalised and needs anticipated based on user data. Users are highly likely to love this they will be seeing what they prefer . Engagement with customers is high and they will more likely to be interacting with product brands. With this, marketers will need a tool that can measure the sentiment of an article or comment, who it came from and who it was directed to. It will also be good to measure the connections between community members and between people and concepts. By looking at both trending and popular dialogue, marketers can tell if their brands have sparked robust exchange online. While Web 3.0 offers all the gears for marketers to become better at their game and to measure the effectiveness of campaigns more completely, it also makes marketers less relevant. The content is crucial but the message or is no longer being told alone by marketers. It is in the social graphs and others’ perception of the brands’ ranking in importance through linked data. For survival, marketers must embrace collaboration and innovation, be transparent and continue to harvest content of value. Moving towards social networking Web 3.0 represents a shift in how people interact with the Web and vice versa. Standards are continually being created to make Web-based data and information smarter. Mobile devices are becoming more powerful and versatile, making almost any kind of Internet activity available on the go. Immersive and virtual environments are becoming richer, more complex, and as applications become smarter, the Internet experience will become more immersive (Green, 2011). According to Manas (2009), social media are no longer reserved for teenagers discussing the latest fads — they have become a tool that will either help or harm a business, depending on how they are utilised. Manas reasons that businesses should take advantage of Web 3.0, as rather than just responding to queries, a search engine will try to understand a consumer’s nature, social footprint and sentiments, before it gives a response. While scouring the Net for people, places, and things and determining the relationships between them, new search engine technology can understand the feelings associated with them, positive or negative. However, he advised businesses to be discerning about which platforms to use as there are more than 100 social media platforms, each with its own flavour — some users like Facebook, others like Bebo, and another group is more into MySpace. Customer integration can be much more than merely access to the right information. It can be defined as a form of value creation where the consumers take part in activities and processes which used to be seen as the domain of the companies (Wikstrom, 1996). The customer becomes a ‘co-producer’ and from a producer perspective, the customer is seen as tasks in a production system (Ramirez, 1999). In a case study of Nike made by Ramaswamy (2008), the article discussed how to co-create value through customers experiences in the context of the innovation and marketing processes of Nike. It provided details on Nikes social networking site, Joga.com, where individuals can upload videos of their soccer skills and the network community can judge a monthly winner. Other marketing initiatives of the company include street soccer competition sponsorships, a website where professional soccer players can interact with fans and conventional Internet marketing program sponsorships (Ramaswamy, 2008).

Understanding The Cause Of Hom Essay -- essays research papers

"Being homeless is often defined as sleeping on the streets. Although this is the most visible and severe form of homelessness, there are many other types of acute housing need. These include living in temporary accommodation, poor or overcrowded conditions, or being in mortgage arrears and under threat of re-possession." (Hope 1986) It is a symptom of many complex problems: mental illness, emotional instability, illiteracy, chronic substance abuse, unemployment, and, most basic of all, breakdown of the family structure. Anyone can become homeless and the reasons that force people into homelessness are many and varied. The leading cause, however, of homelessness in the United States is the inability of poor people to afford housing. "Housing costs have risen significantly over the last decade, while the incomes of poor and middle-class Americans have stagnated." (Erickson 1991) The millions of Americans who are unemployed or work in low-paying jobs are among the most vulnerable to becoming homeless. Therefore, homelessness, housing and income are inextricably linked. Low-income people are frequently unable to pay for housing, food, child-care, health care, and education. Difficult choices must be made when limited resources cover only some of these necessities. Often it is housing, which takes a high proportion of income that must be dropped. Two major sources of income are from employment and public assistance. A decrease in either one of them would certainly put poor people at risk of homelessness. Additionally, minimum wage earnings no longer lift families above the poverty line. "More than 3 million poor Americans spend more than half of their total income on housing, yet the Department of Housing and Urban Development estimates families should spend no more than 30%." (Gilbert 1993) Although many homeless adults are employed, they work in day-labor jobs that do not meet basic needs, while technological acceleration excludes others from a competitive job market. Many factors have contributed to declining work opportunities for large segments of the workforce, including the loss of well-paying manufacturing jobs. The decline in relatively secure and well-paying jobs in manufacturing, which have been replaced by less secure and poorly-paid jobs in the service sector, has greatly limited the opportunities for poorly-educate... ...ehabilitation of old buildings by minimal funding are common projects to provide shelters for the homeless people. However, some observers suggests that making "the renovation of buildings for low-income housing attractive, that is, profitable, for developers or investors" (Urban Land 1986) can be the solution to the homeless problem. Our examination makes it clear that piecemeal intervention can alleviate emergency shelter crises, but such action will not resolve the long-term problem of finding permanent shelter for the homeless and returning them to the mainstream of society wherever possible, which we regard as the ultimate goal of intervention. Equally obvious is that while long-term intervention strategies are vital, they do not address the problems of survival for those presently without shelter and support. We conclude that both long-term and short-term measures are necessary, but that all the solutions should be based on integrated, comprehensive understanding of the homelessness problem. Only such a comprehensive approach will allow planners to develop workable strategies with any chance for success.

Legalizing Marijuana Essay -- Addiction, Drug, Marijuana, Weed

Some people say that Marijuana is not additive, some say it is. If it’s known to be both then how can people really know how it affects the body? On an interview with Elvis Duran and the morning show Lady Gaga admitted that she was addicted to marijuana. She was doing 15 joints of marijuana without tobacco in them every day. In Lady Gaga’s life she has been addicted to some type of drug from a young age. She used the analogy of Lilly pad drugs. She would get to the point where she couldn’t go any further with one substance so she would have to go to the next substance. She started doing marijuana on a tour because she was in a lot of pain; she was in so much pain that she was getting depressed. Lady Gaga said that looking back she can see that the pain was her hip, but at the time she didn’t know where it was coming from. She also said that it was to help with her anxiety. She started doing marijuana to stop the pain she would do the drug in the morning an d then sleep it off in the afternoon; she said that she would never do a show high. She decided to speak about it so young people are aware that addiction to the drug is possible, and not a myth. (Wall Street Journal n.p) Marijuana or Cannabis —often called pot, weed, or herb—is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of Cannabis sativa—the hemp plant, has been used as an instrument to achieve euphoria, a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness, since ancient times. Marijuana has been traced back to the Chinese, dating from 2737 B.C.. From there it went to India to North Africa and then reached Europe around the time of 500 A.D.. In the record of the Chinese emperor Shen Nung the use of marijuana was for medication for rheuma... ... he said â€Å"I would caution against this assumption[that marijuana is the most effective drug for medical purposes] due to the lack of consistent, repeatable scientific data available to prove marijuana's medical benefits.† Works Cited Wall Street Journal. "Lady Gaga Says She's Addicted to Marijuana." YouTube. YouTube, 13 Nov. 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. "DrugFacts: Marijuana." National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). N.p., Dec. 2012. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. Messerli, Joe. "BalancedPolitics.org." - Legalization of Marijuana-Advantages & Disadvantages. Balanced Politics, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. "History of Marijuana." Marijuana History. Narconon International, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. "Pros and Cons - Medical Marijuana." ProCon.org Headlines. ProsCons.org, 6 May 2009. Web. 06 Dec. 2013. "Pro's of Marijuana Legalization." MarijuanaToday.com. N.p., Aug. 1010. Web. 07 Dec. 2013.

Organisational Behavior Notes Essay

Definition * The study of human behaviour, attitudes and performance within organisational setting to improve performance and differences. * Frameworks of theories, methods and principles from disciplines such as psychology, sociology, political * The organisational Iceberg The study of organisational behaviour embraces, therefore an understanding of * The nature and purpose of the organisation * The human element and behaviour of people * Business strategy, organisational processes and the execution of work * The process of management as an integrating and co-ordinating activity * Social responsibilities and business ethics * The external environment of which the organisation is part of and * The need for organisation success and survival. The Pyschological Contract * The PC is not a formal written document that is referred to but a people organisation relationship where mutual expectations and satisfaction of needs are implied. * Important to enhance the level of trust and teamwork. * Human capital to be seen as a responsibility and a resources to be added to * Two observations in human behaviour at work * Peter Principle * Parkinson’s law ../2 The pyschological contract: possible examples of individual and organisational expectations Individual’s expectations of the organisation * Provide safe and hygienic working conditions. * Make every reasonable effort to provide job security. * Attempt to provide challenging and satisfying jobs, and reduce alienating aspects of work. * Adopy equitable human resource management policicies and procedures. * Respect the role of trade union officials and staff representatives. * Consult fully with staff and allow genuine participation in decisions which affect them. * Implement best practice in equal opportunity policies and precedures. * Reward all staff fairly according to their contribution and performance. * Provide reasonable opportunities for personal development and career progression. * Treat members of staff wit respect. * Demonstrate an understanding and considerate attitude towards personal problems of staff. Organisation’s Expectations of the Individual * Uphold the ideology of the organisation and the corporate image. * Work diligently in pursuit of organisational objectives. * Adhere to the rules, policicies and procedures of the organisation. * Respect the reasonable authority of senior members of staff. * Not to take advantage of goodwill shown by the management. * Be responsive to the leadership influence. * Demonstrate loyalty, respect confidentiality and not betray positions of trust. * Maintain harmonious relationships with work colleagues. * Not to abuse organisational facilities such as email or internet access. * Observe reasonable and acceptable standards of dress and appearance. * Show respect and consolidation to customers and suppliers. A pyshcological contract is not only measured in monetary value or in exchange of goods or services, it is in essence the exchange or sharing beliefs and values, expectations and satisfactions. Mutuality is the base principle of the pyshcological contract and consensus or mutual understanding is the basis of mutuality. Ideally therefore self-interest should be balanced with common interest in a win-win arrangement. In the past this unspoken contract might have implied that employees could expect job security and adequate rewards from their employer in exchange for hard work and loyalty. Today’s pyshological contract may be different, in line with a changed working environment that includes factors such as increased rationalism, technological changes, and management aproaches such as outsourcing. The new pyschological contract may revolve more around an employer’s willingness to assist you in developing your skills to order to maintain your marketability. The Peter Principle This is concerned with the study of occupational incompetence and the study of hierarchies. In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence. Employees competence in their postion are promoted and competence is each new position qualifies for promotion to the next highest posotion until a position of incompetence is reached. The principle is based on perceived incompetence in all levels of every hierarchy political, legal, educational and industrial and ways in whcih employees move upwards through a hierarchy and what happens to them after promotion. Peter suggests tow main means by which a person can effect their promotion rate. â€Å"Pull and push†. * Pull is an employee’s relationship – by blood, marriage and acqaintance – with a person above the employee in the hierarchy. * Push is sometimes manifested by an abnormal interest in study, vocational training and self-improvement. In small hierarchies push may have a marginal effect in accelerating promotion; in larger hierarchies the effect is minimal. Pull is therefore, likely to be more effective than Push. Parkinson’s Law A major feature of PL is that of the rising pyramid, that is â€Å"Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. There is little, if any, relationship between the quantity of work to be done and the number of staff doing it. Underlying this tendency are two statements; * An official wants to multiply subordinates, not rivals * Officials make work for each other What is driving leaders & organisations behaviour? * The continuous importance that consumers base on value of product and service. * The diverse workforce is also an important factor that drives organisational behaviour. * Consumers expect that organisation understands their needs and produces top quality products at best price possible. These demands place leaders in a challenged situation by domestic and global markets and competition. What are organisational factors? * Organisational factors may be identified as the organisational environment, structure & design * Individual characteristics, group behaviour * Overall decision making * The change processes adopted by the organisation The fast momentum in any industry highlights the importance of the leader to align the human resources with the organisational factors. Framing the Organisational behaviour Organisational behaviour may be studied under the following main contributors * The environment * The individual in the organisation * Group behaviour and interpersonal influence * Organisational process Organisational environment is the external and internal environment, the legal and political constraints, economic, technological changes and development all have an impact on the decisions that are taken by the management. The individual is the foundation of the organisation performance. This should therefore highlight the importance of managing individual behaviour at any level of the organisation. There are 3 important influences that mould the individual behaviour. 1. Individual characteristics 2. Individual motivation 3. Rewards Group behaviour Groups may form either intentionally by managerial decisions or form out of individual efforts. * Formal groups are groups that were intentionally created by managerial decisions * Informal groups are groups that form out of common interests and friendships that may have a negative or positive effect and therefore affect the organisation or individual performance. * Organisational processes are the communication, the decision making and the leadership elements that the organisation fosters as part of its culture and which in turn have an impact on the general performance of the individual and collective behaviour. Factors of organisation process Communication process is the ability of management to receive, transmit and act on information. The information integrates the internal activities with the external demand and information also integrates internally the activities of the organisation. Decision making process Decisions by managers have a direct impact on the employees well being, the organisation’s resources and the design and implementation of rules in a organisation. This should illustrate the importance of managers to communicate, assess and analyse the feedback of decisions and practises in the organisation. Leadership process Leaders in an organisation may be managers and non- managers. The manager may not always be the leader, yet leadership skills contribute in attaining the set goals. Some people believe that leadership styles should vary according to the situation, other believe that one style of leadership is effective in most situations. Importance of effectiveness * Surviving in the environment * Organisation ages- it forms, develops, matures and declines Importance of the Dimension of Time Quality, productivity, efficiency, satisfaction, adaptiveness and development are 6 general categories of effectiveness criteria. Each of the categories have a time base, short run criteria – 1 year, intermediate 5 years, long run are those for which the indefinite future is applicable. Personality Individual difference and work behaviour * Individual differences have a direct effect on behaviour because peole who perceive things differently behave differently. * Individual differences shape organisaitional behaviour and consequently, individual and organisaitional success. What is the ASA framework? This is the attraction- selection-attrition to careers and organisations. * Prospective employees are attracted to careers and organisations. * Organisations elect employees on the basis of the needs of the organisation. * Attrition occurs when individuals discover that they do not belong to the organisation. Studying individual differences at the work place is important since not addressing differences among employees may hinder from achieving organisation and personal goals. Understanding work behaviour Inorder to fully understand where individual differences arise the personal environment also needs to be given attention, weight and considered. Heredity factors are also important. An effective management must; * Observe and recognise the dufferences and * Study relationship between variables that influences individual behaviour. For discussion * What are the variables at work? * Give examples of work behaviour. Can you think of how these may be fostered on connected? The following variables impact employee productivity, creativity and performance extensively; * Heredity factors and diversity * Abilities and skills * Attitudes Heredity factors Gender, race and ethnic background are all heredity factors, mental and moral differences are also influenced by genetic inheritance and such factors mould each individual which in turn have a direct effect at work behaviour. 1.a Diversity * Diversity refers to those attributes that make people different from another. Primary dimensions of diversity include age, ethicity, gender, pyshical attributes, race and sexual orientation. When an employee is harassed as a resukt of diversity, due to isolation they become less enthusiastic in their job. * Managing diversity therefore ensures that employees become top level contributors especially in today’s †¦ Abilities and Skills * Ability is a pesson’s talent to perform a mental or pyshical task. * Skill is a learned talent that a person has acquired to perform a task. * Ability tends to be stable over time while skill tends to change according to training and experience. One needs ability to be a sales executive (appearance and manners are important) yet one may attain skills with years of experience in sales. * Mental ability therefore refers to the level of intelligence including comprehension, indicative or deictive reasoning, body language, associative memory etc. * Tacit knowledge is the work related to practical know how of the employees acquired eitehr through observation or direct experience on the job. Emotional intelligence – When you probe people to get to know them more * It is important that managers assess and attest abilities and skills snice no amount of leadership and motivation can make up for such deficiencies- job analysis therefore becomes important. * Job analysis is the process of defining and studying a job interms of tasks and behaviour and specifying responsibilities, education and training needes to perform a job – therefore removes guess work when recruiting. Attitudes Attitudes are deteriments of behaviour because they are linked with perception, personaility, fdeelings, etc therfore has a certain amount of importance to the managers. Attitudes are * Learned * Define one’s predeposition towards a given aspect or situation * Provide the emotional basis of one’s interpersonal relations and identifications with other * Attitudes are close to the core of personaility * Some attitudes are persistent and enduring while others are liable to change over time. Changing attitudes at the workplace How can a manager change attitudes of his employees? The process depends on three main factors / contributors 1. The Communicator 2. The Message 3. The Situation The Communicator * If the communicator is trusted and the employees perceive the manager as having prestige, they are more likely to change their attitudes. Employees change because they try to identify with a liked communicator and tend to adopt attitudes and behaviour of the liked individual. * A manager with a low prestige is not show respect / trust by peers and superiors – therefore more difficult to change attitudes of his team. The Message * Intentional and unintentional messages are delivered through verbal and no nverbal communication by managers. * The message delivered to employees has to be clear, understandable and convincing. * Developing persuasive verbal and non verbal communication skills is essential to managers. The Situation * The managers success in delivering a change in attitude also depends on the situation when the message is being delivered. * Distraction and pleasant surroundings are two factors that facilitate change in attitude (perks, performance allowance, training opportunities†¦) Is job satisfaction an attitude? Job satisfaction results from the perception of the job itself and the degree which there is a good fit between the individual and the organisation Factors to consider * Pay – not just the pay but the perceived fairness. * The work itself – are job tasks considered interesting? Do they provide opportunities for learning and accepting further / higher responsibilities? * Supervision – technical competence and interpersonal skills of the immediate boss. * Co workers – extent to which co workers are friendly, competent and supportive. Advancement opportunities – availability of opportunities Work conditions – the physical work environment is comfortable and supportive of productivity. Job security – it is reasonable expectation that one’s position is secure and contured employment within the organisation. Job relation in relation to Job performance on Effectiveness Are these 2 factors related or dependant on each other? * Attempts by management to satisfy employees may not mean higher performance while high performance may not mean that the employers are satisfied at work. * Discuss the ripple effects of rewards, warnings, absenteeism, fair promotion etc. That these have on job performance in general. Effect on OC Personality Personality refers to a relatively stable set of feelings and behaviour that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors. * The manager attempting to understand his employees must give attention to the major forces that shape personality. * Cultural forces, heredity, family, relationship and social class are all factors that mould personality. How? * Culture – society, institutes various pattern behaviour with the result that members of a culture have common personality characteristics. * Heredity – varies from personality to another but are not constant since it is associated with values or ideals (temperament) * Family relationships – the experience one has with his parents, grandmothers, other family members / life experiences. * Social class – influences one’s self perception, perception of others, of work, of authority of money factor. * Personality is therefore a product (a number of forces that together have attributed to shape the unique individual). Personality is interrelated with perception, attitudes, learning and motivation – therefore analysis behaviour is incomplete unless personality is considered. Personality and Behaviour in Organisations The big five Personality Dimensions is key in understanding organisational behaviour. 1. Extroversion (Open minded, sociable, etc) 2. Emotional (Stability) 3. Agreeableness (More open to people, challenges and change) 4. Conscientousness (to understand your people’s attraction) Other three major factors are: Locus of control This relates to the extent to which employees believe that their behaviour will influence what happens to them. (Differing personalities of Internals & Externals). Self efficacy Personal beliefs of competencies and abilities. This has an impact on Org behaviour and decisions like selection, training programmes and goal setting and performance. Creativity This is a personality trait that requires deviation from the normal thinking to produce new and useful ideas. (Think in an unconventional way). While a personality factor of the individual organisations play an important role to develop creativity at work by giving opportunities and freedom to think and come forward with new ideas. Reward winning ideas and discuss failures positively to nourish creativity all round. The Importance of Culture National Culture is the sum total of the beliefs, rituals, rules, customs, artefacts and institution that characterise the population. How organisational transactions are conducted is affected by nation’s culture and its subcultures. Values, customs and rituals of cultures do not simply appear. They are revolutionary and are influenced by politics, religion, language and cultural aspects. Managing in the 21st century For effective management understanding different cultures and various organisational cultures is important in the 21st century. ../9 ../9 Adaptation to new environment is becoming a common occurrence and although adaptation from one origin to another is always difficult, it can be better understood by learning about organisational culture. Organisational Culture Organisational culture is the shared values, norms, beliefs and norms which influence the way employees think, feel and act towards others inside and outside the organisation. OC gives unique identity to an organisation Although culture cannot be seen, it can be sensed and felt through a person’s attitudes, emotions and perceptions. â€Å"The way we do things around here† Deal and Kennedy 1982 â€Å"The collective programming of the mind†, Geert Hofstede 2001. Hostede identified four dimensions of culture: power distance, uncenrtainty, avoidance, individualism and masculinity. Power distance is essentially used to categorise levels of inequity in organisations which Hofstede claims will depend upon managment style, willingness of subordinates to diasgree with superiors, and the educational level and status accruing to particular roles. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the extent to which members of a society feel threatened by unusual situations. High uncertainty avoidance is said to be characteristic in France, Spain, Germany and many Latin American societies. Individualism describes the relatively individualistic or collectivisit ethic evident in that particular society. The USA, France and Spain display high individualism. Masculinity refers to a continuum between masculine charactertistics such as assertiveness and competitiveness, and feminine traits such as caring, a stress upon the quality of life and concern with the environment. Can organisational culture be created by management? * Ann Cunliffe (2008) states that OC is important for 4 reasons *Slaps the image that the public has as an organisation * Influences organisational performance * Provide direction to the company * Help to attract and retain motivated staff Creating the desired OC may be difficult since imposing a particular culture may not be met with resistance. Why? Is disparity between what the management states as values and the reality with the employee an issue? What organisational factors may be attributed to the development of a desired OC? Communication is an organisational factor that is an important factor is developing and fostering an OC Why? Discuss with example? Communicating top down only leaves management out of touch from the real situation and may lead to a gap in culture that management wants to create another culture that actually develops. Uncover the levels of cultures Artefacts – Visible organisational structures and processes (had to decipher). Annual report, newsletter, furnishings are examples of artefacts. Espoused Values – Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justifications). Assumptions that tell individuals how to perceive, think and feel about work, human relationships and performance of colleagues. Basic underlying assumptions – Unconscious taken for granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings (ultimate sources of values and actions). Summary with examples of Schein’s three levels of culture * Surface manifestation of culture – most accessible forms which are visible and audible behaviour patterns and objects (observable culture, send a message) * Organisational values – the accumulated beliefs held about how work hold be done and situations dealt with that guide employee behaviour ( be honest, be creative, work hard) * Basic assumption – invisible perceptions, taken for granted understandings, held by individual with an organisation concerning behaviour, the nature of reality and its relationship to its environment (stability, excellence, quality and responsibility). Where does OC come from? Values are the basic element that distinguishes one organisation from the other. Changing organisation structure and its process will mean a change in values and therefore a change in culture. Why? Discuss the difference on a change from tall hierarchy to a change in flat hierarchy.

Managing People†Lenovo China Essay Example

Managing People– Lenovo China Essay Example Managing People– Lenovo China Essay Managing People– Lenovo China Essay Essay Topic: Salvage the Bones Drumhead This assignment expresses and evaluates the Lenovo China’s human resource direction from five parts. At saying. it introduces merely the history of Lenovo China. Then. depicting and analyzing attack of people direction in Lenovo is the cardinal point through five elements of overall attack. system of honoring public presentation. employees’ enlisting. methods to better development employees and the assessment of single public presentation. In peculiarly. the last three is talked chiefly. However. the assessment system has a small job. Next. it mentions the leading of Lenovo China which is mixture Chinese and western manner. At terminal of the assignment. it gives some personal thought and recommendations on the assessment system. 1. 0Introduction The study will measure human resort direction and give recommendations for Lenovo China. At get downing. it will present the background of Lenovo China. Then it will depict Lenovo China’s attack of people direction from five facets. Particularly. it will concentrate on selecting and developing employees every bit good as the assessment. Then it will speak about Lenovo China’s leading and organisational civilization. Finally. it will give personal sentiments on Lenovo China and rating. 2. 0People direction in Lenovo China 2. 1Introduction of Lenovo China The Lenovo China was established in 1984. turning the name of Personnel Department into Human Resources Department in 1995 when they had been an increasing consciousness of the importance of individuals ( Ge. 2004 ) . Nowadays. Lenovo China was a successful company because Lenovo China had ranked NO. 450 in the ranking of the luck Global 500 ( CNN. 2011 ) . 2. 2Approach of Peoples direction in Lenovo China 2. 2. 1Overall attack The overall attack of Lenovo China is the mixture of classical attack and modern direction theory with combination of X and Y theory ( Mullins. 2010 ) . In classical attack ( Mullins. 2010 ) . Lenovo China do non utilize absolute power and control over people. They think extremely of human resource. because they know the importance of the endowments ( Ren. 2003 ) . In add-on. Lenovo China’s leaders besides communicate with employees and listen to their sentiments in order to derive their trust. which could obtain more thoughts for development of the corporation. In malice of this. Lenovo China still have a complete set of the corporation system to pull off people ( Pi. 2011 ) . In Lenovo China. as employees are making any work. they must follow with these three rules: 1. take a firm standing on working harmonizing to the regulations if there are regulations. 2. Working harmonizing to the regulations in progress and coming up with recommendations seasonably. if the regulations are non sensible. 3. Applying and working harmonizing to the cultural value standards of Lenovo China. if there are no regulations ( Pi. 2011 ) . Employees of Lenovo China are in a status of comparative rigorous control. but they will be provided decently freedom to carry on activities and take duties. For case. technicians in Lenovo China have rights to seting their work hours with freedom ( Deng. 2002 ) . Therefore. Lenovo China could offer chances to carry through their self-importance demands. The overall attack is with Chinese and western features of direction and combine good these two direction theoretical account. Lenovo China do non let individuality like America. but they advocate Bolshevism. However. they are non like the old Chinese direction model- centralization. Therefore. the new coevalss can non merely fulfil themselves but enjoy freedom at the same clip. There are regulations to command yet. 2. 2. 2System of honoring public presentation Lenovo China use chiefly the Alderfer’s ERG theory ( Mullins. 2010 ) to actuate employees. because they have two attacks which are physical satisfaction and psychological satisfaction ( Pi. 2011 ) . At get downing. for old coevalss of Lenovo employee. they have higher psychological demands. In add-on to turn out that their ain cognition can transform into hoarded wealths. their intents are concerns about development of China. These people do non inquire for much in physical satisfaction ( Ren. 2003 ) . On the contrary. there is a strong corporate sense of honor between the old coevalss of Lenovo people. Hence. the motive for them is development of corporate spirit and motive of ends ( Ren. 2003 ) . Further. at present. the new coevalss of Lenovo people is chiefly motivated by physical satisfaction. because a plentifulness of foreign corporations and articulations ventures were come ining into China after the 1990s with offering high pay to pull diverse people. it threatened state-owned endeavors ( Ren. 2003 ) . However. presents. Lenovo China’s physical satisfaction includes several sides: wage. fillip. public assistance and warrants. Boness have company’s. departmental and single ( Ren. 2003 ) . For illustration. the half of the extra complete portion shall be handed over to the corporation. and their section will dispose the remainder of portion to honor or give public assistance ( Pi. 2011 ) . Welfare is normal public assistance. such as insurance and lodging public fund and so on. However. Lenovo China take the high criterion. For blink of an eye. authorities has set a regulation that each individual have to salvage the 4 per centum to8 per centum of wage for the lodging public fund. so Lenovo China will salvage the 8 per centum for employees ( Ren. 2003 ) . The advantage of method of motive is that employee could be stimulated to give oneself to fulfilment of overall aims and personal outlooks. In add-on. the ways of stimulations of Lenovo China are really sensible. because it is harmonizing to difference of assorted people to supply distinguishable stimulation. such as different personality. cognition and characteristics of occupations ( Deng. 2003 ) . Nevertheless. the more physical wages. the more outlooks. Overmuch physical wages could non precisely stimulate betterment of employees. to the contrary. it possibly leads the employee to be greedy and acquire private benefit without thought of organisational ends. 2. 2. 3Recruiting and choosing employees The procedure of choosing employees in Lenovo China is really rigorous. There are two facets which are inside enlisting and outside enlisting ( Mullins. 2010 ) . Inside enlisting involve taking directors from within the organisation. nevertheless. Lenovo China adhere to detect their abilities in same on the job conditions instead than proud accomplishments in the yesteryear ( Deng. 2002 ) . which is particular. In add-on. outside enlisting demands to engage new from outside by put up the information of campus enlisting at first ( Pi. 2011 ) . Then. beside proving of quality and rating of comprehensive capacity, Lenovo China besides have a face to confront conversation ( Deng. 2002 ) . There are nine inquiries Lenovo will inquire: 1. ego debut. 2. what do you make in your company and what does your company do. 3. your high qualities and state why Lenovo demand you. 4. your failings. 5. do you hold some suggestions for Lenovo. 6. do you hold wallet. 7. do watch the intelligence. 8. what do you believe of the occupation you apply and how to make good. 9. contrast with Lenovo and other trade name. and the their advantages ( Shi. 2008 ) . Furthermore. Lenovo China are willing to enroll the immature who graduate from a higher establishment. such as. Tsinghua University. Peking University and Beijing Science and Technology University and so on. In order to contend with rivals to seeking the individuals with ability of professional technique and senior direction. Lenovo China held enrolling activities in universities in progress. and carry oning activities was earlier than foreign companies in each twelvemonth. These activities included promotion of thought of Lenovo China and a meeting between pupils and outstanding employees with an on-site audience of employment. Further. Lenovo China sponsored a competition of website appellation for the national college pupils and put up a particular award ( Pi. 2011 ) . Supplying these chances helps Lenovo China to better advance their ain and attract calibrated pupils and graduands efficaciously. Furthermore. presents. Lenovo china focus on people who operate efficaciously on a planetary graduated table. regardless of their birth country ( Hegar and Hodgetts. 2011 p. 536 ) . Lenovo China had appointed William Amelio who was an American executive from DELL in late 2005 ( Schuman. 2010 ) . However. in those old ages. Lenovo was losing out on the faster-growing sections of Personal computer markets ( Schuman. 2010 p. 2 ) . It demonstrated that foreign was non quit cognizing about Chinese markets. 2. 2. 4Methods to better development of employees Lenovo China stress preparation and retaining employees via four methods. because all of these preparations and consequences are associated with publicity ( Wang. 2006 ) . At first. each employee must be working from underside of the corporation. so. holding promotion measure by measure. due to organisational civilization though this procedure being inherited and absorbed sooner ( Ren. 2003 ) . Second. they will take those employees who are the most improved employees to preparation by experient leaders learning immature rivals who will be the deputy occupations ( Ren. 2003 ) . Third. it is indispensable to developing co-ordinated operational capacity through learning how to construct squads ( Ren. 2003 ) . Finally. Lenovo China deem to be substance that is an confidence to pull gifted individuals. such as. giving 10 nowadays of stock of coordination. fillip and societal public assistance harmonizing to taking highest criterions ( Ren. 2003 ) . particularly. holding holiday with sala ry and honoring instantly ( Deng. 2002 ) . In add-on. with respect to new employments. they all require to go to assorted oriented preparations. Then. they need to bit by bit accept preparations of organisational civilization. generic accomplishments and facets of concern and direction ( Deng. 2002 ) . What’s more. though a series of preparations consequences. rating of specializers and 360 degree feedback analyse what aspects of the employees need to beef up. Next. Lenovo China see what aspects employees require to develop harmonizing to their ain development. Combination of two parts determines content of preparation of these employees and the whole twelvemonth preparation programs. ( Wang. 2006 ) On the other manus. the method of dismissal and station changing is an old manner. but it is popular with employees. When an employee could non precisely exercise his cognition in his place. leaders will see to giving his opportunity to look into his ability by giving his specific objects. If he could cover with. it illustrates that the ideas of leader has divergence. If he failed. the leader will hold a personal talk when he admits his mistakes. the leader will go on to provide an chance to him. If he could non success until the 3rd chance. he will run into review the place he stays at nowadays. Then. even if the leader give him a demotion with the same pay as before ( Deng. 2002 ) . meanwhile. he will experience non uncomfortable. To reason. it is a hommization direction esteeming for each member of the development. supplying infinite of development and assisting. 2. 2. 5The assessment of single public presentation Lenovo China wage attending to public presentation and ability with really rigorous assessment of single public presentation ( Wang. 2006 ) . Human resource section and every section of directors implement and command the assessment through two ways which are public presentation steps and capableness appraisal. Performance was measured by quantitative rating of quality and measure and cost of complete work and other parts for company. Capability assessment involves work ability. work attitude and possible development ( Wang. 2006 ) . Furthermore. there are four signifiers to advise: higher-ups to subsidiaries. staff in the same degree. subsidiaries to higher-ups. and the section to the section. Meanwhile. Lenovo China usage questionnaires for sections evaluate each others in each twelvemonth ( Wang. Zhao and Li. 2009 ) . Furthermore. each leaders and employees should put aims they want to accomplish in each one-fourth and twelvemonth and depict what the ends are and list specifically. In the terminal of each twelvemonth and one-fourth. Human resource section and every section of directors have to exam whether the work is achieved and how the quality of work consequences is ( Wang. 2006 ) . In a word. salary determination. publicity and content of preparations are based on these consequences of the assessment ( Wang. Zhao and Li. 2009 ) . The advantage of the assessment of single public presentation is recognizing the importance of taking duty by promoting employees to set their ain aims into endeavor ends ( Deng. 2002 ) . In add-on. it could oversee the achievement of the work. Further. organisation could supervise and mensurate the public presentation with equity. However. the assessment of Lenovo China has disadvantages that employees are evaluated by directors. Due to unsteady factors like personal factors and environmental factors. the consequence of assessment will be influenced. What’s more. sometimes emotional jobs highly affect consequences of rating in the procedure of the assessment. Some public presentations are easy to mensurate like gross revenues. but some are non. 2. 3Lenovo China’s leading Recently. the intelligence said Liu ChuanZhi resigned Chairman of Lenovo China but be an honorary Chairman ; what’s more. Yang YuanQing became the Chief executive officer and Chairman ( Lenovo. 2011 ) . Liu ChuanZhi. as one of innovator of the Lenovo China. he creates tonss of fables. Therefore. he has his ain leading manner. He is more like a participative manner of leading. Liu ChuanZhi ever allow them raise their new thought. he merely animate them to convey up new ideas without pull offing specific affairs ( Deng. 2002 ) . Furthermore. Yang YunQing’s direction theoretical account is uncomplete directing leading. because he gives his advice at get downing. and so allow employees give their positions. and at last. he makes determination ( Deng. 2002 ) . Consequently. they have a common point which is leting employees to take part in procedure of doing determinations. They both wish employees’ originative power to acquire near to organisational ends ( Deng. 2002 ) . Hence. this manner of encouragement is a great chance to carry through self-importance demands. In add-on. Liu ChuanZhi has typical personality and strong personal appeal which convinces employees. because he is a adult male of his words. which shows non merely in high demands to him but his complete committednesss for stockholders and employees ( Deng. 2002 ) . 2. 4Lenovo China’s organisational civilization Liu ChuanZhi pays more attending on organisational civilization. because it is a representative of Lenovo China and has significance of ends accomplishment ( Ren. 2003 ) like undertaking civilization ( Mullins. 2010 ) . It is reflected in the statement: We do what we say and own what we do ( Lenovo. 2011 ) . There are four major organisational civilizations. First. Lenovo China rather advocate spirit of cooperation. because Lenovo China believe that it is a demand of keeping a consistent squad ( Deng. 2002 ) . Second. they emphasize spirit of battle. because Liu ChuanZhi said that five per centum of hope turned into one hundred per centum of world. For illustration. in 1991. Lenovo Hong Kong had loss of more than 50 million Hong Kong dollars in three months. Lenovo overcame. As a consequence. Liu ChuanZhi suffered Meniere’s from syndrome ( Deng. 2002 ) . Third. great repute and recognition is life of corporation. There are two types which are persons and corporation. Individual repute and recognition agencies that working earnestly and making what they had said can win the trust of users. co-workers. subsidiaries and superior. The repute and recognition of corporation came from satisfaction of users. Lenovo China would instead lose money than lose credibleness and repute ( Deng. 2002 ) . For case. in 2003. the rate of bad history is less than 0. 005 % ( Ren. 2003 ) . Fourthly. invention and survey are one of the cultural of corporation ( Deng. 2002 ) . Today’s successes are consequence from Lenovo China innovating and analyzing continually. Further. there is a particular organisational civilization ; they have a CTIME for promoting pass oning like a friend. Meanwhile. CTIME means java clip. Each afternoon at 1o’clock. employees and leaders go to the 3rd floor and can speak easy. Particularly. leaders will pay employees for java every Tuesday which is for promoting friendly commu nicating from each other ( Pi. 2011 ) . Therefore. the civilization of Lenovo China is successful to allow employees hold coherences through communicating and teamwork. In add-on. the efficiency of executing is high because of nice teamwork. Overall. it is a comparative perfect civilization. 3. 0Personal sentiments on Lenovo China If there is an chance to work in Lenovo China. YES is the reply. At get downing. this is a large and well-know corporation. For self-importance demands. it is based on satisfaction of physical demands at first. like nutrient. apparels and so on. In add-on. leading in Lenovo China is different from other old state-enterprises. because it can bring forth a sense of belonging through each engagement of employees. When employees contribute to Lenovo China. it is of import to incarnate the significance of single being. They are non complete power control but participative manner. Therefore. there are more infinites to let employees to develop strengths though proper freedom. Furthermore. the relationship of co-workers is just competitions alternatively of barbarous and harmful competitions. which makes employments safety. Due to Lenovo China recommending friendly communicating between leaders and employees. this policy can acquire rid of alienation between people and give adequate regard for employees which is attractive. Hence. self-importance demands could be satisfied. Then. for single development. Lenovo China offer relevant aid. They choose developing employees to larn new accomplishments for free. because they have their ain preparation base. Apart from the theoretical cognition. there are leaders go throughing on cognition of their experiences which is hoarded wealth and can non larn from books straight. However. the assessment of single public presentation has a small job which is rating with personal emotions. Possibly. it is ineluctable. but it can be evaluated through assorted channels. For illustration. single rating could make like section assessment which is evaluated by making questionnaires in other sections. directors and employees. In other words. the assessment of single public presentation can be evaluated by co-workers. directors and users. 4. 0Conclusion In decision. it can be seen so that Lenovo China’s people direction is comparatively successful. Success of Lenovo China is showed on three parts which are attack of people direction. leading and organisational civilization. In peculiarly. in portion of attack. it focuses on three facets which are choosing employees and how to develop employees and the assessment system. Particularly. it indicates that the assessment of single public presentation has deficit. In add-on. it mentions that organisational civilization is the nucleus of corporation. Finally. it gives sentiments on human relation of Lenovo China and grounds. Mention CNN. 2011. Annual ranking of the world’s largest corporations [ On-line ] . CNN Money. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //money. cnn. com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/401_500. hypertext markup language [ Accessed 11 December 2011 ] . Deng. Z. H. 2002. The human resource direction of fable. Hohhot:Publication of the people of Inter Mongolia Ge. Ten. 2004. To discourse the Manpower Recourses Management of Legend Grow up. Journal of Liaoning Business Vocational College. 63 ( 2 ) . 18-19. [ On-line ] . Wang Fang Data. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //d. g. wanfangdata. com. cn/Periodical_lnswzyxyxb200402009. aspx [ Accessed 11 December 2011 ] . Hegar. K. W. and Hodgetts R. M. 2011. Modern human dealingss at Work. Google Books. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //books. Google. com. au/books? id=kleg0QYjidUC A ; pg=PA536 A ; dq=Lenovo+China+human+resource A ; hl=zh-CN A ; ei=BL_lTuqtHMSaiAf9v8y2BQ A ; sa=X A ; oi=book_result A ; ct=book-preview-link A ; resnum=2 A ; ved=0CEMQuwUwAQ # v=onepage A ; q=Lenovo % 20China % 20human % 20resource A ; f=false [ Accessed 12 December 2011 ] Lenovo. 2011. Our Company [ On-line ] . Lenovo. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. lenovo. com/lenovo/ca/en/our_company. hypertext markup language [ Accessed 15 December 2011 ] Mullins. L. J. 2010. 9nd erectile dysfunction. Management A ; organisational behaviour. London: Prentice Hall Pi. B. W. 2011. Liu ChuanZhi: Diaries of Pull offing Lenovo. Beijing: China Railway Publication. Shi. Y. Y. 2008. Analysiss and Enlightenment of the theoretical account of human resource direction. Industrial and scientific discipline Tribune. 7 ( 12 ) . 250-251. [ On-line ] . Wang Fang Data. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //d. g. wanfangdata. com. cn/Periodical_cyykjlt200812123. aspx [ Accessed 12 December 2011 ] Ren. Ten. 2003. Liu ChuanZhi discoursing experience of Lenovo China. Beijing :Thread Binding Books publication House Wang. J. P. 2006. Lenovo: How to turn pupils into elites. Computer Education. ( 9 ) . 66-69. [ On-line ] . Wang Fang Data. Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //d. g. wanfangdata. com. cn/Periodical_jsjjy200609021. aspx. [ Accessed 13 December 2011 ] Zhang. Y. S. . Zhao. M. X. and Li. J. 2009. Human Resources Management Cases Series. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press

6 Tips to Overcome Procrastination and Get Stuff Done

6 Tips to Overcome Procrastination and Get Stuff Done We sit down to a new task, open a new blank document, and? Check our email! Noodle through our Facebook feed! Check (really quickly!) to see what time that new film is showing Friday night! Next thing we know, an hour has gone by, and the document is still, well, blank. Here are a few strategies to cut the nonsense and get back to being productive.Click UNSUBSCRIBEIt’s human. Every time you get an email, you just have to check it. Half the time, it’s some pharmacy, or politician, or airline, or an online retailer. Stop wasting your time reading what boil down to, basically, commercials. Take the ad time out of your day and focus on content. It’s like Netflix for your life!Download Spamfighter Pro or MailWasher Pro, or utilize your Gmail spam filter. Take yourself off all those newsletters and lists you never really get anything from, but can’t help glancing at when you should be working.SEE ALSO:  How to Boost Your Productivity at WorkPrioritize your wor kDon’t just work on the thing you’re dreading least; that’s an easy way for really important projects to fall by the wayside. Make a list of all your projects and deadlines, and rank them in order of importance and urgency.Break work  up into chunksToo daunted by that huge new project to start? Break it up into actionable items, make a sub to-do list, and start chipping away at it piece by piece. Make reasonable, achievable goals, and get going. Eventually, the shape of the whole project will start to become clear and you’ll be riding the momentum of making progress.Cut out the noiseDe-clutter your desk. Move your photos out of visual range. Put your phone on silent and stick it in a drawer. Use software like Freedom or SelfControl to keep yourself off the Internet, if possible, or just your worst Internet sinkholes. If you have a really sweet view, hang a curtain you can shut when you can’t afford to daydream out the window.Make a scheduleEstima te how long each of the day’s tasks will take you, and make a schedule for your day. Whether hour by hour or minute by minute, if you need micromanaging, set chunks of time aside for specific activities, including breaks. And don’t forget to give yourself a few minutes to chat to coworkers or check your texts.Look inward to see your flawsUsually we’re most prone to procrastination when we’re avoiding a task we don’t like. Figure out what your procrastination triggers are- and why. Not very good at a particular aspect of your job? Start taking steps to improve, like online tutorials or programs.At the end of the day, your time is valuable. We spend the bulk of our lives at work. Why not make that time meaningful by getting real things done?

Whose or Whos 3 Tips for Remembering the Difference

Whose or Who's 3 Tips for Remembering the Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Who’s and whose both come from the pronoun who. While both words sound the same, they have very different meanings. These homophones can be tricky for even the most seasoned writers. In this article, we’ll discuss whose vs who’s, explain when to use whose or who’s, and give you tricks for remembering proper usage. Whose vs Who’s: What’s the Difference? To start, let’s define whose and who’s. Whose is a possessive pronoun that you should use when you’re asking or telling whom something belongs to. Who’s is a contraction made up of the words â€Å"who† and â€Å"is† or â€Å"who† and â€Å"has†. The Roots of Whose vs Who’s: Who and Whom The key to using â€Å"whose† vs â€Å"who’s† correctly is to understand the word at the root of each. When you learn the pronoun that forms the basis for â€Å"whose† and â€Å"who’s,† you’ll also develop a better understanding of how each word functions in a sentence. â€Å"Who† is one pronoun at the root of the difference between â€Å"whose† and â€Å"who’s.† â€Å"Who† is used as the subject of a sentence or clause. You’ll use â€Å"who† when asking a question about which person did something or when you’re describing a person. For example: Who put the pizza here? Who owns that dog? Hayley, who owns a cat, often has cat hair all over her clothes. â€Å"Whom† is the other word at the center of the â€Å"whose or who’s† conundrum. "Whom" is an object pronoun. An object pronoun is a word like â€Å"him,† â€Å"her,† or â€Å"them†. An object pronoun is a type of pronoun that’s used as a grammatical object, such as object of a verb or the object of a preposition. For example: Whom does she love? To whom was the teacher talking? With whom was she walking? In these examples, â€Å"whom† is the object, not the subject. Whose or Who’s? Now we know that whose and who’s come from whom and who. But when do you use each version? Who’s "Who’s" is a contraction made up of either â€Å"who+is† or â€Å"who+has†. The apostrophe in â€Å"who’s† stands in for the missing letters of â€Å"who+is† or â€Å"who+has.† You use â€Å"who’s† when you would otherwise be saying â€Å"who is† or â€Å"who has†. For instance, â€Å"Who is going to the party?† can become â€Å"Who’s going to the party?† Here are other examples of when you’d use â€Å"who’s†: Who’s coming to dinner tonight? Who’s got a better idea? Who’s excited for the new Avengers movie? Whose While â€Å"who’s† comes from â€Å"who†, â€Å"whose† is related to â€Å"whom.† Whose is a possessive pronoun that you used in questions where you’re asking about who owns something. For instance, â€Å"Whose puppy is this?† is another way of saying, â€Å"To whom does this puppy belong?† Here are some examples of when you’d use â€Å"whose†: Whose car alarm is going off? Whose house are we going to? Whose shoes are these? Tricks For Remembering Whose vs Who’s It might seem simple to remember the difference between whose or who’s when reading this article, but how will you remember when you’re off on your own? These tricks can help. #1: Say â€Å"Who Is† or â€Å"Who Has† One way to figure out whether you should use â€Å"who’s† or â€Å"whose† is to say â€Å"who is† out loud to yourself as you read or write. If that makes sense in the sentence, you should use who’s. If it doesn’t, you should use whose. #2: Look at What Follows Remember, whose is possessive. That means that whose is normally followed by a noun. If the sentence has a noun immediately after the whose or who’s, you should use whose. If there’s no noun or an article, use who’s. #3: Am I Using a Contraction? â€Å"Who’s† is a contraction while â€Å"whose† is not. All contractions use apostrophes to replace the missing letters formed by joining together words. If the word you’re writing is a contraction, it’s â€Å"who’s.† If the word isn’t a contraction, it’s â€Å"whose.† Whose or Who’s Examples Let’s take a look at some examples of when to use whose or who’s. Correct Usage of â€Å"Whose† in a Sentence Do you know whose car that is? Whose backpack is this? Whose line is it anyway? Correct Usage of â€Å"Who’s† in a Sentence Who’s excited for the holiday season? Do you know who’s going to the game? Who’s got the takeout menu? Key Takeaways: Whose vs. Who's Who’s is a contraction of â€Å"who + is† or â€Å"who + has†. Whose is another way of saying â€Å"belonging to whom†. What's Next? Reading The Great Gatsby for class or even just for fun?Then you'll definitely want to check out our expert guides on the biggest themes in this classic book, from love and relationships to money and materialism. Got questions about Arthur Miller'sThe Crucible? Readour in-depth articles to learn about the most important themes in this playand geta complete rundown of all the characters. For more information on your favorite works of literature, take a look at our collection of high-quality book guides!

Critically examine the use of the quantitative easing as a policy Essay

Critically examine the use of the quantitative easing as a policy option to help to solve the uk's current economic problems - Essay Example Following the 2008, financial crisis qualitative easing became an element of recovery to the central banks that their interest rates were close to zero lower bound or at zero (Benford, Berry, Nikolov, & Young, 2009). With the intensification of the crisis, most international central banks took possible measures in supporting demand and loosening monetary policies. The bank of England through its monetary policy committee (MPC) dealt with it by cutting interest rates by up to three percentage points in bank rate. In early 2009, the bank further reduced it by one and half percent. MPC in their analysis explained that the cut could not meet the consumer price index of two percent hence need to purchase private and public assets using the central bank money. This led to the introduction of qualitative easing in the United Kingdom economy. The idea behind this was to inject liquid money back into the economy to help boost nominal spending and achieve the two percent inflation target. Disc ussion To avert the financial crisis, the bank of England purchased a large amount of United Kingdom governments bonds (gilts). By January 2010, the bank had purchased medium and long-dated gilts worth 200 billion of assets, and this represented fourteen percent of annual GDP and 30 percent of private sector outstanding gilts. In so doing, and by a combination of support measures the bank balance sheet increased in relation to the GDP threefold before the crisis. To implement this technique further, the government gave authority to the bank to purchase corporate bonds and high quality paper. The government did so in order to improve market functioning by acting as a backstop buyer and seller (Hamilton, 2010). The asset purchasing is one of the unconventional policy measures applied in the bank to loosen the monetary policy. The bank aim of assets purchasing was to cut the bank rates and hence stimulating nominal spending with the aim of meeting the two percent inflation target. This initiative also alleviated inflation that had been domestically generated. Assets purchases affected inflation and spending through different potential channels. First, it increased money holdings and pushed up the assets prices while stimulating the expenditure by increasing wealth and lowering borrowing costs. It also stimulated impact by broadening expectations and its influence on bank lending rates. Effects of assets purchasing The purchasing of assets led to Policy signaling effects, which included the expectations by market participants of policy rates to remain low for longer. At the time of expectations, policy makers were dealing with the issue of falling inflation below the expected medium target. The falling of inflation could have led to push up on real interest rates while reducing spending and keeping of nominal rates at low levels (Hancock, & Passmore, 2011). The assets purchase assisted in keeping inflation expectations on target through supporting of spending. The signaling effect anchored inflation expectations on track hence the hiding the real state of the economy to the agents on their views. The other effect of assets purchasing in stabilizing the economy was through portfolio balance effects, which entailed pushing up prices of other assets and the bought assets. This happened in the sense that after the bank buying assets, there is an increase in money

Importance of Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Importance of Health - Essay Example The research paper â€Å"Importance of Health† highlights the importance of the level of health care and the ethics of nursing care in patients’ treatment. The aim of nursing is to maintain well-being by prevention of injuries and avoidance of illnesses. A healthy citizenry is the primary aim of any government public health program. On the other hand, there are many resource constraints which can prevent the government from giving a much-needed help for health care to everyone of its citizens. This paper discusses the many ways by which the nursing profession can also do its part as a crucial member of the health care team. It is always a good mindset to not rely on the government in all instances, such as in health care. There are clearly limits to what the government can do, given its limited budget and also the very bureaucratic nature of governance; help may not be forthcoming at all or it might get delayed. In particular, this paper looks at how changing demographi cs has increased the number of elderly citizens in most countries today. This group of people is the most vulnerable of all, in terms of access to health care, financial resources, and the onset of many age-related ailments or diseases. Older or senior citizens therefore require special attention because of these factors. The overall aging (graying) of society is not confined to just a few countries. Advances in medical or scientific knowledge also contributed to longer lifespans, so there are now more older people. Most senior citizens are parents and grandparents, with families of their own and many offspring who love them for their warmth, wisdom, and accumulated knowledge. Their impact on the overall community is their presence gives younger people and families a certain sense of importance and continuity in terms of inter-generational relationships. The importance of them staying healthy is that the community can exert effort on more productive activities and not get tied down to caring for them and spending financial resources for their medication and treatment. To stay healthy is to save precious dollars which impacts positively on the whole community. The primary responsibility for senior group health is on the members of their own family who have to take care of them and provide for their material

The Use of Military Special Forces in CIA Paramilitary Operations Research Paper

The Use of Military Special Forces in CIA Paramilitary Operations - Research Paper Example Some of these military activities are in public knowledge while others remain classified. There is speculation that covert paramilitary operations will end up being the responsibility of unacknowledged distinct operation units within the USSOCOM. One of the fundamental concerns by the American people is the dichotomy of operations by the central intelligence agency and the military. This is fueled by the fact that military personnel can get involved in central intelligence agency operations1. At the same time, the central intelligence personnel can serve in the military. There is similarity in training and military operations means that it is never clear whether the central intelligence agency activities are alienated from the military activities. The nature of secrecy in the CIA operations means the Special Forces in the United States of America military can hold joint operations with CIA. The role of Special Forces in paramilitary activities is unknown to the public. Therefore, it becomes hard to tell whether a given activity is being conducted by the central intelligence agency or the particular forces of United States. For instance, paramilitary operations in Yemen require presidential authorization. Besides, the intelli gence committees have to be notified. There is a growing concern on whether the same requirement applies to secret military operations. In case of a joint operation of the central intelligence agency operations paramilitary officers and Special Forces, it is not clear on whose authorizes. There is a need to known to what extent Special Forces can get involved in paramilitary activities and operations. There is a perception that the personnel involved in United States covert operations are contractors. This poses a significant threat to the security of United States due to access of classified information2. According to Brennan, the

Choose one country explain negative and positive aspects of Essay

Choose one country explain negative and positive aspects of globalisation on that country - Essay Example The fruits of globalization are very sweet for countries like United States however; the process of globalization renders certain negative impacts for United States as well. Globalization is the increased integration and engagement of countries across the world. Globalization is the phenomenon that depicts an on-going procedure that is linking and integrating the national economies, regional societies, different cultures, and people by an enormous and extensive mode of global communication and implementation (Bhagwati, pp. 11-13, 2004). The term globalization usually implies to the globalization of different economical countries. Economical globalization is a phenomenon where national or regional economies of different countries across the globe links together and desegregate into an international economy through various factors like international trade, investment abroad, monetary flows, migrating to other countries, effective communication, and technological advancement. The process of globalization as determined by its factors seems like an inevitable and unbeatable procession. However, the process of globalization has its own advantages and merits, and disadvantages and demerits. The benefits attained by the process of globalization for United States includes lesser trade limitations and constraints, and lowered regional restrictions in order to integrate with the economies of rest of the world. This phenomenon gives rise to the concept of international market, where the fruits are inevitable for developed countries like United States. The lesser limitations and barriers for international trade render the opportunity to open up trade markets around the world those results in increased trade of the country. This in turn, results in economical development caused by the functioning of international trade markets throughout the world (Bhagwati, pp. 14, 2004). Another benefit of the globalization is the increased capability of

Fiscal Policy and Its Implications in Belgium Assignment

Fiscal Policy and Its Implications in Belgium - Assignment Example The government may also choose to increase its own spending and with this, jobs are created, an element that lowers the unemployment rate. Briefly, Fiscal policy is a major driver of the nation’s economic performance. Government spending would include the purchase of goods and services. Since it has the power to lower or rise, real GDP It qualifies to be a fiscal policy tool. The government can influence economic output if it adjusts its spending. Apart from the effect of government spending on the economy, it also affects businesses dealing with goods and services bought by the government thus multiplying through the economy (Moller, 52). The GDP may be stimulated if consumers spend the paychecks they earn from their businesses. When those dealing with government vehicles receive large orders, their sales tend to increase. This makes them hire more employees who in turn earn paychecks from the companies. The employees then spend this money on goods and services thus increasing spending, leading to a much greater result. This effect is called the multiplier effect. The changes that occur in taxes affect the average consumer income, and changes in consumption leading to changes in real GDP. These make it a fiscal policy tool. The government can influence economic output by adjusting taxes. They can be changed in several ways, and these include raising or lowering marginal taxes. Secondly, the tax rules can be modified or eliminated (Modigliani & Johnson 34). These include social security, welfare or unemployment checks. On a monthly basis, the checks go out all over the country thus serving as the income for millions of consumers. As in taxes, changes in transfer payments also leads to changes in consumer income. When consumers spend most of their income, they influence the economic output. These three tools are the ones that the government mostly administers to the economy to help it in the short term.

Choose one country explain negative and positive aspects of Essay

Choose one country explain negative and positive aspects of globalisation on that country - Essay Example The fruits of globalization are very sweet for countries like United States however; the process of globalization renders certain negative impacts for United States as well. Globalization is the increased integration and engagement of countries across the world. Globalization is the phenomenon that depicts an on-going procedure that is linking and integrating the national economies, regional societies, different cultures, and people by an enormous and extensive mode of global communication and implementation (Bhagwati, pp. 11-13, 2004). The term globalization usually implies to the globalization of different economical countries. Economical globalization is a phenomenon where national or regional economies of different countries across the globe links together and desegregate into an international economy through various factors like international trade, investment abroad, monetary flows, migrating to other countries, effective communication, and technological advancement. The process of globalization as determined by its factors seems like an inevitable and unbeatable procession. However, the process of globalization has its own advantages and merits, and disadvantages and demerits. The benefits attained by the process of globalization for United States includes lesser trade limitations and constraints, and lowered regional restrictions in order to integrate with the economies of rest of the world. This phenomenon gives rise to the concept of international market, where the fruits are inevitable for developed countries like United States. The lesser limitations and barriers for international trade render the opportunity to open up trade markets around the world those results in increased trade of the country. This in turn, results in economical development caused by the functioning of international trade markets throughout the world (Bhagwati, pp. 14, 2004). Another benefit of the globalization is the increased capability of

Establishing A Technical College In Ivory Coast Dissertation

Establishing A Technical College In Ivory Coast - Dissertation Example The secondary school education consisted of two learning cycles totaling to seven years of learning. After the first cycle (the first four years of learning), the students were to sit for an exam and be issued with a certificate in lower secondary education- BEPC. With this qualification, a student would take on an entry-level job, join a teacher-training institution, or proceed to a college for three years. There were other alternative (complementary) courses for the students who did not make it to the colleges that combined both academic and practical training to equip the students with adequate skills that are essential in improving their productivity in the competitive labor market. The students received a certification that corresponds to one or two years of study at the university level in the US. This certification provided a qualification to pursue technical institutions and improve their professional and analytical skills. Education promotes political, social, and economic d evelopment in a given country. A good education can only be realized if an effective educational system is put in place. Nevertheless, the development of this effective educational system is in turn affected by the political, economic, and social factors prevailing in Cote d’Ivoire (King, and Martin, 2010). This paper seeks to establish a vocational learning institution in the republic of Ivory Coast. This following the fact that higher education in this West African state has highly been affected by political instability and socio-economic variables in the economy. The country’s youth population in need for higher education is very proportionate. Youths and the upcoming generation form the backbone to the economy of Ivory Coast. However, their ability and capacity to deliver is barred by inadequate access to learning institutions and facilities. Increasing access to these social amenities in the economy will therefore be essential in developing their technical and pro fessional potentials, Motivation Ivory Coast was a French colony and attained her independence in 1960. After the independence, the country was under a system of one-party rule for three decades with President Felix Houphouet-Boigny. On 28 October 1990, the country had the first presidential election in which the incumbent won with over 80% of the votes. Coupled with the social crisis that rocked the country, the presidential elections led to political unrest since the electoral process was marred by allegations of rigging. Even though it was believed that democracy had been restored in country, the opposition parties and their leaders have not been treated fairly (Middleton, Ziderman, & Van, 2011). Therefore, there has been constant political unrest within the country. Last year, another presidential election was held in which his opponents according to the elections commission defeated the defending president. The president dismissed the results and refused to concede defeat leadi ng to another political unrest. This situation lasted until the president was forcefully hoisted from power. Since then, the country is in the process of reconstructing its broken system and fixing the social and economic crises. As at 2005, Cote d’Ivoire had a large number of youthful populations with more than 42% of the entire population being below 15 years. A report by the IMF in 2006 approximated the population of Ivory Coast to be 18.9 million. This decline in population growth rate was attributed to the fall in fertility rate, poor health, and lower immigration rate. Out of this population, approximately 48.8% of Ivorian lives below the poverty line with less than USD2 to survive on per day. Social amenities such as health, education, and housing have deteriorated

Executive Summary Expedia vs Priceline Essay Example for Free

Executive Summary Expedia vs Priceline Essay Expedia and Priceline are the leading competitors of the online travel service. With travel being one of the Internets hottest commodities, these two companies have been in competition for the top spot. Both businesses offer great deals on hotels, car rentals, and most importantly travel accommodations. The financial post online interviewed Expedia’s managing director Sean Shannon about how he keeps the online travel superstore unique. He noted that they â€Å"invest a lot in technology and software writers and coders, who work to make the shopping experience better and figure out ways to stay ahead of the curve (Ovsey, 2001). † With both companies reaching new heights of Internet success, the need to be informed of each other’s business policies and ideas is very important. Many customers of both Expedia and Priceline already had a combined travel agency that would normally have taken care of their travel plans. When the Internet boom exploded, companies such as Microsoft jumped on the idea of having a travel agency online. The Wall Street Journal Online Edition confirms this need for technology by reporting on the company’s participation in J.P. Morgan’s annual telecom conference. The Wall Street Journal agrees, â€Å"Expedia, Inc. is the largest online travel company in the world, with an extensive brand portfolio that includes some of the worlds leading online travel brands (Expedia, inc. to, 2013).† This would enable a new customer base that would promote Internet sales, and an easier way of life for frequent travelers. Selling points for both of these companies is extremely important, as the transition from a brick and mortar company to a web based company was a hard shift. These companies have not only been in competition for over 10 years, but they have boosted profits every year. The Atlantic Online posted an opinion about Priceline in 2010 regarding the success of the online travel company compared to that of Expedia. They stated, â€Å"Pricelines stock price is up almost 90 percent, while its competitors have flat lined (Expedia) (Madrigal, 2010).† This shows the customer, that even though these companies are in competition, they have done well enough to withstand many economic ups and downs over the years. The importance of stability and growth over the years is very important to a consumer who deserves quality in purchasing potentially high dollar items. The following report specifics the financial reports from the last three years for both companies. This provides established proof that both companies are thriving in what they do.